Correlation Confidence Intvls
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8.1for iPhone, iPad and more
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About Correlation Confidence Intvls
Correlation is a quantitative tool commonly used by researchers to separate data sets into independent subgroups. Hypothesis testing determines whether or not the subgroups are numerically distinct. The degree to which the researcher can say the subgroups are distinct depends upon the overlap between the subgroups measured by the confidence interval estimates. The confidence interval estimates reflect the reality that there are errors in all quantitative estimates.
If correlation estimates were normally distributed, estimates of confidence intervals would be straightforward. However, correlation estimates are bound within the range of –1.0 to +1.0. The common technique devised by R.A. Fisher involves a nonlinear transformation of correlation functions into random variables that are approximately normal. The technique is known as Fisher's z-transformation and is formally expressed as ρ = tanh(z), where tanh( ) is the hyperbolic tangent function.
More simply, the transformed standard error, z, is defined as z = (1/2) ln[ (1 + ρ) / (1 – ρ) ]. The variance is a function of the number of paired samples in the sets being correlated and is defined as var(z) = 1 / (n – 8/3).
Thus, for example, the 95% confidence interval around a correlation estimate would be from (z – 1.96 σ) to (z + 1.96 σ) where σ = sqrt( 1/ (n – 8/3) ).
The iPad version allows you to add, retrieve, reorder, or delete data sets. Also, you may email, send via texting, and print data and results.
If correlation estimates were normally distributed, estimates of confidence intervals would be straightforward. However, correlation estimates are bound within the range of –1.0 to +1.0. The common technique devised by R.A. Fisher involves a nonlinear transformation of correlation functions into random variables that are approximately normal. The technique is known as Fisher's z-transformation and is formally expressed as ρ = tanh(z), where tanh( ) is the hyperbolic tangent function.
More simply, the transformed standard error, z, is defined as z = (1/2) ln[ (1 + ρ) / (1 – ρ) ]. The variance is a function of the number of paired samples in the sets being correlated and is defined as var(z) = 1 / (n – 8/3).
Thus, for example, the 95% confidence interval around a correlation estimate would be from (z – 1.96 σ) to (z + 1.96 σ) where σ = sqrt( 1/ (n – 8/3) ).
The iPad version allows you to add, retrieve, reorder, or delete data sets. Also, you may email, send via texting, and print data and results.
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最新版本8.1更新日誌
Last updated on 2022年04月23日
歷史版本
- Corrected colors in Dark mode.
- Fixed problem that prevented sharing of PDF output.
- Various GUI tweaks.
- Fixed problem that prevented sharing of PDF output.
- Various GUI tweaks.
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Version History
8.1
2022年04月23日
- Corrected colors in Dark mode.
- Fixed problem that prevented sharing of PDF output.
- Various GUI tweaks.
- Fixed problem that prevented sharing of PDF output.
- Various GUI tweaks.
8.0
2022年02月04日
- Update to accommodate latest versions of iOS.
- Some code simplifications.
- Removed links to Facebook and Twitter.
- Various GUI tweaks.
- Some code simplifications.
- Removed links to Facebook and Twitter.
- Various GUI tweaks.
7.3
2018年12月20日
- Updates to newer versions of iOS.
- Various code changes.
- Various code changes.
7.2
2015年10月01日
- Changes to adapt to iOS 9, mostly involving fonts.
7.1
2015年07月10日
- Bug fixes in iPhone version related to +/– correlation coefficient data entry and clearing of data.
- Added Facebook and Twitter links.
- Code improvements.
- GUI changes.
- Added continuous increase or decrease in confidence interval setting in iPad version.
- Added Facebook and Twitter links.
- Code improvements.
- GUI changes.
- Added continuous increase or decrease in confidence interval setting in iPad version.
4.1
2014年10月05日
- Updated for iOS 8 and iPhone 6.
- Minor GUI tweaks.
- Updated graphing engine.
- Minor GUI tweaks.
- Updated graphing engine.
4.0
2014年03月05日
- iPad version now adds email, text message, and print capability. A PDF report at a resolution of 72 dpi is available for sharing.
- Streamlined and improved source code.
- GUI improvements.
- Streamlined and improved source code.
- GUI improvements.
3.0
2013年11月08日
- Major rewrite and redesign for iOS 7.
- Bug fixes.
- Bug fixes.
2.0
2013年08月20日
- Major revision that includes the option of adding data sets, retrieving saved sets, and deleting or reordering the saved sets.
1.2
2013年04月29日
- Fixed bug that allowed graph to be moved around with a finger gesture.
1.1
2013年04月01日
- The behavior of the "info" and "clear" buttons have been modified to avoid unanticipated behaviors.
1.0
2013年03月20日
Correlation Confidence Intvls FAQ
點擊此處瞭解如何在受限國家或地區下載Correlation Confidence Intvls。
以下為Correlation Confidence Intvls的最低配置要求。
iPhone
須使用 iOS 12.4 或以上版本。
iPad
須使用 iPadOS 12.4 或以上版本。
iPod touch
須使用 iOS 12.4 或以上版本。
Correlation Confidence Intvls支持英文